Fig. 5

Paternal transmission of RGDV by minor vector, the rice leafhopper N. cincticeps. a The viruliferous rates of R. dorsalis and N. cincticeps (25 males and 25 females) collected from the fields in Guangdong, China. b The acquisition efficiencies of RGDV by R. dorsalis and N. cincticeps collected from the fields. c Vertical transmission of RGDV by the field-caught V⁺ and V⁻ N. cincticeps via mating. Eggs were collected for tracing RGDV. d Association of RGDV particles with sperm heads of N. cincticeps and the non-vector wheat leafhopper P. alienus. The sperms dissected from the male leafhoppers N. cincticeps or P. alienus were microinjected with RGDV virions, stained with virus-rhodamine (red) and DAPI (blue), and examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. All images are representative of at least three replicates. Bars, 10 μm. e Comparison of amino-acid sequences of HSPG DoIII of R. dorsalis, N. cincticeps, and P. alienus. f A yeast two-hybrid assay was used to detect the interaction between RGDV P8 and HSPG DoIII from R. dorsalis (R. d), N. cincticeps (N. c) and P. alienus (P. a). a–c Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments (Student’s t test, two tailed), **P < 0.01