Fig. 4

Optimization and characterization of DNA hydrogels. a The flow-through time (left y-axis) and SNRs (right y-axis) obtained from different linker concentration of hydrogels for the detection of 0 and 100 µM cocaine using the CSDR-Sensor. Each data point is an average of three replicates (N = 3), and the error bars indicate the standard deviations. b The storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ of the DNA hydrogel (70 µM aptamer linker) changes with shear strain. c Variation of the storage modulus G′ value of the hydrogel function of temperature at a linker DNA concentration of 70 µM. d Storage modulus G′ at 25 °C as a function of shear frequency for DNA hydrogels prepared with different aptamer linker concentration