Fig. 3

Ecological niche models for the three major clades of non-avian dinosaurs in the latest Cretaceous of North America. From top to bottom: Ceratopsidae, Hadrosauridae, and Tyrannosauridae. Niche dynamics in outcrop areas (a) show a progressive decrease of high-suitability areas (orange and red) towards the Maastrichtian compared to unsuitable areas (blue) while overall niche stability or increase is shown in a continental setting (b). Tyrannosauridae silhouette by Jack Mayer Wood (CC BY 3.0 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC BY 3.0); Hadrosauridae silhouette by Pete Buchholz (under CC BY-SA 3.0 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); and Ceratopsidae silhouette by Mariana Ruiz (modified by T. Michael Keesey) under the Public Domain Mark 1.0