Fig. 4

Time-bin quantification of habitat suitability of ecological niche models. Quantification is shown for only outcrop area (a) and for the whole latest Cretaceous North American palaeocontinent (b). Both sets of models have been trained with the same extent (outcrop area), but while a shows quantification in training region, plot in b shows original models projected to North America. Thick line represents higher suitability threshold quantification (>0.7), while thinner line is lower suitability threshold one (>0.45). An overall decrease in habitat suitability in available outcrop areas is shown in a while an increase is obtained for all the three clades in North America (b). Orange column in b represents habitat stability when niche models are projected after the K/Pg boundary, showing potential habitability for these clades after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Numeric values on the y-axes are in 10⁵ km² in a and 10⁶ km² in b. Numeric values to build this figure are in Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Table 2. Tyrannosauridae silhouette by Jack Mayer Wood (CC BY 3.0 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ CC BY 3.0); Hadrosauridae silhouette by Pete Buchholz (under CC BY-SA 3.0 license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); and Ceratopsidae silhouette by Mariana Ruiz (modified by T. Michael Keesey) under the Public Domain Mark 1.0