Table 2 Fructose conversion experimental results in 90% GVL using homogeneous acid/salt systemsa

From: Effects of chloride ions in acid-catalyzed biomass dehydration reactions in polar aprotic solvents

Acid catalyst

Salt

Rate constant (M−1 ks−1)b

−c

KCl

3.2 ± 1

H2SO4

KCl

53 ± 9

Triflic acid

KCl

64 ± 5e

HCl

KCl

78 ± 8f

H2SO4

NaCl

55 ± 20

Triflic acid

NaCl

53 ± 6

Triflic acid

LiCl

69 ± 10

Triflic acid

CaCl2d

71 ± 10

HBr

−

28 ± 3

Triflic acid

KBr

22 ± 3

Triflic acid

NaBr

25 ± 2

Triflic acid

LiBr

29 ± 1

HI

−

2.7 ± 1

Triflic acid

KI

4.0 ± 1

Triflic acid

KF

1.9 ± 1

  1. aReaction conditions: fructose (50 mM); acid (5 mM); salt (5 mM); solvent (90% GVL/10% H2O; 5 mL); stirring (700 rpm). bRate constant values at 373 K; r = k [R] [HB]. cNo acid catalyst; r = k [R] [Salt]. dSalt concentration (2.5 mM). e78 ± 1% HMF yield at 393 K at ~90% conversion. f81 ± 1% HMF yield at 393 K at ~90% conversion. Bounds represent 95% confidence intervals
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