Fig. 3
From: Impacts of alkaline on the defects property and crystallization kinetics in perovskite solar cells
Crystallization kinetics control of perovskite films. a Real-time UV-vis absorption spectra for the perovskite films without annealing prepared under different alkalinity environments. In situ absorption measurement for perovskite films with addition of (b) FAAc or (c) NaOH. The inset figures are derived from the change of absorption intensity (∆I) for each sample at different times and the y-axis is the right one (Time). d Schematic illustration for the impacts of alkalinity on the crystallization kinetics of perovskite films. e Activation energies of the α- and δ-phase of FAPbI3 in the dependence of OH− concentration
