Fig. 5

Effects of ferroelectric polarization. a P–E loops at the maximum electric field of 90 kV cm⁻¹ measured at room temperature; b remnant P–E loop of Co2 at the maximum electric field of 60 kV cm⁻¹ measured at room temperature; c LSV curves of Co2 after corona poling; d adsorption curves of the RhB dye for the four samples as well as the poled Co2 sample, with the inset of the enlarged residual concentration at the adsorption equilibrium after 20 min