Fig. 7

Illustration to demonstrate the advantages of the in situ as-prepared BCO/BCTO nanostructures for electrocatalysis. The Co ions of the in situ grown BCO are tetrahedrally coordinated with (eg)3(t2g)3, while Co ions of the ferroelectric BCTO are octahedrally coordinated with (t2g)5(eg)1, and these two different configurations have a synergistic effect on the overall OER efficiency. By corona poling, the ferroelectric polarization together with an induced surface modification can greatly enhance the OER performance