Fig. 2
From: Discontinuous rate-stiffening in a granular composite modeled after cornstarch and water
Impact experiments on cornstarch suspensions. a Impact depth vs. time for an intruder dropped into suspensions of cornstarch in water (blue) and ethanol (red), both at nominal packing fractions of φ(nom) ~ 45% (without accounting for swelling). b Impact depth vs. time for an intruder dropped into cornstarch and water mixure at φact ~ 54% (accounting for granule swelling), and cornstarch and ethanol mixture at φ ~ 54%. In both cases, the cornstarch and water mixture exhibits qualitatively different behavior, rebounding the intruder on impact. The cornstarch and ethanol mixture provides minimal resistance to the intruder at φ ~ 45%. At φ ~ 54%, the cornstarch and ethanol mixture behaves similar to loosely packed grains surrounded by fluid, stopping the intruder after ~ 20 ms
