Fig. 1
From: More frequent extreme climate events stabilize reindeer population dynamics
Density-dependent effects of rain-on-snow (ROS) and icing shape reindeer population fluctuations. a Occasionally, icing causes die-offs. This calf died from starvation in the 2001/2002 winter, which was characterized by high reindeer density and high ROS amounts. b Annual fluctuations in ROS (blue line) and total female population size N (black line) in the study period. c Density-dependent effect of ROS on the population growth rates (see Supplementary Table 1). For illustration, population densities (N) are classified into low (yellow symbols), medium (orange), and high (red)
