Fig. 1
Visualization of response curves. a An impulse shock of unit size is applied in year t = 2014 to every sector, i, in the USA. In response, the output of each sector is driven from its equilibrium value, given by 〈ΔYi(t′)〉X = 0. b Every line corresponds to one of the 30 largest sectors, ordered according to their susceptibility to the shock (i.e. the area between the response curve and the dotted line that represents the equilibrium value). The sectors with the largest impact are public administration, real estate activities, human health, and wholesale trade. On the other end of the scale we find the construction sector, that after the initial shock profits from the disruptive event. Note the time scale. Depending on the sector, full economic recovery might take up to 6−10 years. c A network visualization of the backbone of the susceptibility matrix \(\rho _{ij}^c(t)\) for the USA in 2014 is shown. Nodes are sectors and blue (red) weighted links indicate positive (negative) susceptibilities. Node colors show groups of sectors (see Supplementary Table 2) and thickness of the node border gives the sum of the weights of the incoming links. Node sizes are inversely proportional to the values of the response functions in (b) for t′ = t, t′ = t + 1 and t′ = t + 6 years after the shock was applied. Source data are provided as a Source Data file
