Fig. 5

Th9^IL-4+IL-1β cells exhibited antitumor activity in vitro. T cells differentiation and gene array data are the same as shown in Fig. 2. a Heatmap illustrating the relative expression of exhaustion/inhibition markers as indicated (data are log scaled). b Heatmap illustrating the relative gene expression of transcription factors as indicated (data are log scaled). c Heatmap illustrating the relative gene expression (data are log scaled). d Gene set enrichment analysis of classic Th9^IL-4+TGF-β cells versus Th9^IL-4+IL-1β cells for cytolytic effector T cell signature. e, f Specific killing assay of tyrosinase-related protein-1 classic Th9^IL-4+TGF-β or Th9^IL-4+IL-1β was performed against CFSE^high-B16 tumor cells as target cells and CFSE^low-MC38 tumor cells as a non-target control. An E:T ratio of 10:1 was used, and specific killing was determined after 48 h of coculture. Representative data (e) and summarized data (f) are shown (n = 4). Data are mean ± SD; **P < 0.01, Student’s t test. Representative results from one of two repeated experiments are shown