Fig. 1
From: Multiple plant diversity components drive consumer communities across ecosystems
Effects of plant diversity on arthropod species richness. Direct and indirect effects of plant species richness (orange), leaf trait functional diversity and composition (yellow), and structural characteristics (brown) of the plant communities on overall arthropod abundance and species richness (blue) for a the forest system (χ2 = 6.96, DF = 10, P = 0.789), and b the grassland system (χ2 = 19.9, DF = 14, P = 0.185) based on path model results. Trait compositions 1 and 2 represent the first two axes of a principal components analysis (PCA) on community-weighted means of five leaf traits; functional diversity is the mean pairwise dissimilarity (based on Rao’s Q) of these traits among study plots. Vertical stratification (based on Rao’s Q) and horizontal variability of plant structure (based on Moran’s I) represent variability in plant height (grassland) or the first two axes of a PCA on the variability of tree height and crown projection area (forest) within the study plots. Positive and negative pathways and their corresponding standardized path coefficients in a and b are indicated in blue and red, respectively. Solid lines show significant relationships (P ≤ 0.05 based on 1000 bootstrap draws; scaled by their standardized effect size), dotted lines show non-significant pathways (see Supplementary Tables 2, 3 for full results). For clarity, covariances between structural and functional diversity (see Fig. S4) were not plotted but are shown in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3. Percentage values show the explained variance of endogenous (dependent) variables. Effects of plant species richness on arthropod species richness c in the BEF-China forest experiment (left panel; values corrected for the number of trees sampled; N = 46 study plots), and in the Jena Experiment in grassland (right panel; N = 92). Solid regression lines indicate significant (P < 0.05) relationships, broken regression lines show marginally significant relationships (P < 0.1). Broken gray lines are 95% confidence intervals. Source data are provided as a Source Data file
