Fig. 4

Electrochemical characterization of anodes in half-cell or full-cell configurations. a Long cycling test of AMPSi@C at 0.5 C after the activation process in the first three circles at 0.05 C (1 C = 4.2 A g⁻¹) in the half-cell with areal mass loading of 0.8 mg cm⁻². b Comparison of the CE between AMPSi and AMPSi@C in the half-cell configuration with the inset being the corresponding voltage profiles. c Rate performance of AMPSi@C and AMPSi at various current densities from 0.1 to 3 C. d Areal capacities vs. cycling number of the AMPSi@C anodes with different mass loadings at a current density of 1.2 mA cm⁻² (the initial three cycles are carried out at 0.1 mA cm⁻²). e Full-cell charge at 0.5 C (1 C = 160 mA g⁻¹) with prelithiated AMPSi@C anode and a Li(Ni_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3)O₂ cathode. The inset showing the corresponding CE. f Rate performance of the full cell. All the specific capacity values in the half-cell are based on the total mass of AMPSi and C shell, unless otherwise stated