Fig. 4

Oral administration of select bacterial strains enriched in Rnf5^−/− mice to gnotobiotic mice enhances antitumor immune response. a YUMM1.5 tumor growth in germ-free (GF) mice undergoing oral gavage with WT or Rnf5^−/− cecal contents 2 weeks prior to tumor implantation (n = 10). b Quantification of tumor-infiltrating CD45⁺ cells, effector (CD44^hi) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, total CD45⁺ cells, and frequencies of IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺-producing CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells on day 24 after tumor injection in recipients treated as in (a) (n = 10). c YUMM1.5 tumor growth in GF mice undergoing oral gavage with either Altered Schaedler Flora (ASF) or ASF plus bacterial cocktail prior to tumor inoculation (ASF, n = 12; ASF + bacterial cocktail, n = 14). d Quantification of tumor-infiltrating effector (CD44^hi) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and frequencies of IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺-producing CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells on day 21 after tumor injection in mice treated as in (c) (n = 8). e YUMM1.5 tumor growth in GF mice undergoing oral gavage with ASF or ASF plus B. rodentium prior to tumor inoculation (n = 15). f Quantification of tumor-infiltrating effector (CD44^hi) CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells and frequencies of IFN-γ⁺TNF-α⁺-producing CD8⁺ T cells on day 24 after tumor injection in mice treated as in (e) (n = 8). Data are one experiment ≥8 mice per group.Graphs are the mean ± s.e.m. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ****P < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s or Sidak’s correction for multiple comparisons (a, c, e) or two-tailed t test or Mann–Whitney U test (b, d, f)