Fig. 6

Mitochondrial damage-induced apoptosis of cancer cells by DT-PNs. a CLSM images of JC-1 stained cells after different treatments, the fluorescence transition from red to green indicated significant mitochondrial damage (scale bar, 20 μm). b CLSM imaging of mitochondrial morphology in 4T1 cells after incubation for 24 h with DT-PNs, the cells were stained with MitoTracker Red (scale bar, 5 μm). c 4T1 cells were treated with DT-PNs for 12 h and 24 h for the cellular ATP measurement. The mean value was calculated by the t test (mean ± s.e.m. n = 3). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared with the indicated group. d Western blotting analysis for the expression of Cyto C, cleaved-caspase 3, Bcl-2, and Bax proteins after treating with DT-PNs for 12 and 24 h or with NAC and Vc prior to treatment, GAPDH was used as a control