Fig. 1

Overview of symbiotic pacemaker system. a Illustration of symbiotic cardiac pacemaker system. b Schematic structure diagram of implantable triboelectric nanogenerator (iTENG). c Photograph of iTENG under bending. d Cross-sectional scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the iTENG (scale bar: 500 μm). e SEM images of the nanostructure on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film (scale bar: 1 μm). f SEM image of three dimensional (3D) elastic sponge structure (scale bar: 500 μm). g, h Schematic representation of the mechanism of charge transfer. i The model used to estimate the amount of charge separation that can arise from the transfer of charges