Fig. 5

a Photocurrent density stability measured at 1.23 V vs RHE in KPi electrolyte (pH = 7.1) under AM 1.5 illumination. b Plots of the theoretical charge number obtained from the J–t curves collected at 1.23 V vs. RHE and the actual quantities of H2 and O2 evolution in KPi electrolyte (pH = 7.1) under AM 1.5 illumination. c Long-term stability of the NiOOH/BP/BiVO4 photoanode at 1.23 V vs RHE in KPi electrolyte (pH = 7.1) under AM 1.5 illumination, insert is SEM image after long-term testing, scan bar: 1 μm