Table 1 Overview of H. pylori populations and their major characteristics

Patient	Age (y)	TMRCA (y)	Patho.^a	Isolates (A-C-F)	Treatment^b (ATB/PPI)	CLR^c	CIP^c	MTZ^c	Unique SNPs	r/m^d	Rec. events^e [length(kbp)]	cagPAI
173	44	0.34	CG	10–10-NA	Y/N	R	R6S14	R	73	1.2	11[0.2]	+
478	70	1.59	AG/IM	10–10-NA	Y/Y	R	R	R	225	0.3	7[0.7]	+
280	76	0.51	CG	10–10-NA	Y/Y	S	R	R	87	0.9	7[0.4]	−
169	50	2.09	CG	10–10-NA	N/N	R	S	S	1919	9.0	109*[45]	−
476	34	7.19	CG	15–15-NA	N/N	S	S	S	18147	16.3	1126*[423.6]	+/−
479	69	4.5	AG	15–15-NA	N/N	S	S	S	13295	15.7	562*[321.3]	+
21	58	4.04	CG	10–10–10	N/N	S	S	S	1066	0.6	53[3.1]	−
381	42	1.5	AG	10–10–10	Y/N	R21S9	S	R10S20	503	1.0	20[2.6]	−
5	49	3.24	CG	10–10–10	N/N	S	S	R	849	0.6	39[2.6]	−
26	47	1.57	AG	10–10–10	NA/N	S	S	S	409	0.4	4[0.4]	+
23	30	1.87	CG	10–10–10	N/N	R23S7	S	R20S10	424	0.3	15[0.6]	+
13	54	3.45	CG	10–10–10	N/N	S	S	S	1108	0.8	45[4.8]	+
20	55	1.27	CG	10–10–10	Y/Y	R	S	R14S16	415	0.9	22[1.7]	+
24	33	3.29	CG	10–10–10	N/N	S	S	S	1156	0.3	29[1.2]	+
25	56	3.31	CG	10–10–10	NA/N	S	S	R18S12	3684	9.2	135*[87.1]	−
19	32	3.21	CG	10–10–10	N/N	S	S	S	2632	3.3	177*[33.4]	+

^aCG: chronic gastritis; AG: atrophic gastritis; IM: intestinal metaplasia
^bTreatments undergone by the patient prior to the endoscopy. ATB: antibiotic-based eradication. PPI: proton-pump inhibitor
^cCLR: Clarithromycin; CIPRO: Ciprofloxacin; MET: Metronidazole. Distribution of resistant (R) and susceptible (S) genotypes are indicated for heteroresistant populations
^dr/m represent the ratio of SNPs introduced by recombination versus mutation
^eTotal number of recombination events with the cumulative length (kbp) of recombined segments shown in brackets. Stars indicate that the majority of recombination events in this population are likely to have been imported during a period of mixed infection

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