Fig. 6

A role of wall heterogeneities to explain how microtubules distinguish maximal strain from maximal tensile stress. a Wall heterogeneities may induce strain discontinuities, destabilizing microtubules, whereas wall homogeneities (e.g., along or between cellulose microfibrils) may stabilize microtubules. b Assuming that wall heterogeneities would affect the roughness of the inner face of the wall, the smoother/straighter part of the wall may be parallel to maximal tensile stress direction, along which microtubules (green) would align. c Wall heterogeneity may arise from mechanical differences between cellulose microfibrils and the matrix; the delivery of component of the matrix is also heterogeneous in space and time, as shown by click chemistry with alkynylated fucose analogs in roots (left: late differentiation zone, right: early differentiation zone; adapted from ref. ⁶⁷)