Fig. 5
Association between cytokine levels and bacterial phage in different groups. a, b The serum levels of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB between children with single and multiple ARTIs were analyzed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test corrected for multiple comparisons with Dunn’s procedure. c, d Comparison of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB levels between children who were positive and negative for Propionibacterium phages was made by using Mann–Whitney U test. (e, f) Comparison of TIMP-1 and PDGF-BB levels between children who were positive and negative for Lactococcus phages was made by using Mann–Whitney U test. Error bars indicate the standard deviation. Results of all other cytokines are shown in supplemental data (Supplementary Fig. 4). Because five sera from the multiple-ARTIs groups were insufficient for cytokine analyses, there were five fewer patients in this group than that in Figs. 1 and 3
