Fig. 1

Spatial patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus flows from domestic wastewater management in the three regimes. a Box-whisker plots show the range of global total N and P flows. b Circles in the maps indicate 173 countries. Circle sizes indicate N emissions (Gg N yr−1), and their colours indicate P emissions (Gg P yr−1). c Column heights represent per capita N discharge, and column areas denote total N emissions from their respective regions. Mid-range outputs are used to generate the charts of b and c