Fig. 2

Temporally and spatially differentiated normalised environmental impact hotspots. a Nitrogen cycle; b Phosphorus cycle; c Climate change; d Stratospheric ozone depletion; e Atmospheric aerosol loading; f Chemical pollution; g Biodiversity loss; and h Freshwater use. To acquire these normalised results of the annual regional-scale trajectories of environmental impacts from wastewater treatment, the scores for each impact category, year, and country are divided by the global impact scores for the same year, providing a dimensionless ratio. The colour scale ranks the magnitude of the impacts (with magenta denoting a significant impact hotspot) and reveals the shifts in pressures (from navy-blue to magenta)