Fig. 4
Implications of wastewater management trajectories in terms of global thresholds on planetary boundaries. a Circles represent the overall global effects attributed to wastewater services, and their size represents the planetary impact ratio. b Ring diagrams trace the contributions of the continents to the effects. The following reported thresholds for the planetary boundaries are used to normalise the effect scores into dimensionless ratios: 62 Tg N yr−1 (NC); 11 Tg P yr−1 (PC); + 1.0 W m−2 (CC); 14 DU yr−1 (OD); 14.57 Tg PM10-eq (AL); 4.36 million DALYs (CP); 280,729 species yr yr−1 (BL); and 4000 km3 yr−1 (FU)
