Fig. 1
Purification and transcriptional profiling of tumor-associates astrocytes. a Illustration of the workflow. Cortex specimens from epilepsy patients (n = 3), entry cortex from glioblastoma patients (n = 2) and glioblastoma specimens (n = 7) were collected, followed by purification of astrocytes using immunopanning. RNA was analyzed by cDNA sequencing. b AutoPipe unsupervised cluster and heatmap of 30 most representative genes of astrocytes derived from healthy cortex and tumor specimens. c Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) highlights an increased response to cytokines, and JAK/STAT signaling in tumor-associated astrocytes. Exact values are given in the source file. d Gene set enrichment plot of ranked gene expression indicate the enrichment of the IFNγ response in tumor associated astrocytes. e Two-dimensional scatterplot of astrocytic differentiation and reactivity reveals a shift in the tumor-associated astrocytes towards the progenitor phenotype and alternative reactivity. Each individual dot represents a transcriptome profile. Round dots mark the expressions analyses generated in this study, other data are marked with stars (Zamanian et al., 2012)17, as well as crosses (Zhang et al., 2016)13. Colors indicate the source of astrocytes as illustrated below. List of selected genes is given in the source file. f–h Immunostaining of tumor-associated astrocytes localized at the glial scar in the infiltrating region. GFAP+-astrocytes were marked by CD276 expression, STAT3 phosphorylation and CHI3L1 expression
