Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of all-polymer particulate slurry batteries. a Schematic configuration of polyhydroquinone (PHQ)/naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride-ethylene diamine copolymer (PI1) all-polymer particulate slurry redox flow battery (APPSB). The PHQ/PI1 APPSB mainly consists of two electrolyte reservoirs, two peristaltic pumps and an electrochemical cell where the redox reactions take place. The particulate slurry catholyte and anolyte are separated by commercial dialysis membrane. The electrolytes are circulated between the electrochemical cell and the storage reservoirs during the charging/discharging processes. b Schematic diagram of proposed site-hopping mechanism to elucidate the charge transfer of particulates in the redox processes