Fig. 5
Electrochemical performances of all-polymer particulate slurry batteries. a Representative charge/discharge curves of polyhydroquinone (PHQ), naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride-ethylene diamine copolymer (PI1) all-polymer particulate slurry redox flow battery (APPSB) with dialysis membrane separators at 5 mA cm−2. The catholyte and anolyte are 1.0 mol L−1 PHQ and PI1 particulate slurries in 2.0 mol L−1 sulfuric acid solution, respectively. b Stability test of PHQ/PI1 APPSBs at 5 mA cm−2. The insert is an optical photograph of the APPSBs system. c Rate performance, Coulombic efficiencies and voltage efficiencies from 5 mA cm−2 to 20 mA cm−2. d Representative charge/discharge curves of PHQ/PI1 APPSBs at different current densities. e The long-term stability test of PHQ/PI1 APPSBs studied by repeating charge/discharge cycles at 20 mA cm−2
