Fig. 6

Application viability of the MXene/nanofiber composite membrane. a Tensile stress−strain curves of composite membranes with different ANF contents. b, c The ultimate strength (b) and toughness (c) of the composite membrane with different ANF contents. The dashed red line indicates the corresponding values of natural nacre. Error bars represent s.d. d The power output by mixing natural sea water and river water. e Current–time curve of system working with no electrolyte replenishing. f The stability of the composite membrane-based energy conversion devices under natural water source