Fig. 3
In vitro immune cells activation by cytomembrane nanovaccines. a Illustration of the in vitro immune experiments. b Flow cytometric analyses of the expression of CD8 and CD4, the markers for T cells activation, after in vitro incubation of T cells with CM, DM, and FM for 48 h. c Flow cytometric quantification of the expression of CD80 and CD86 (the markers for DC maturation) after in vitro incubation of DCs with CM, DM, and FM for 48 h. d The percentage of DC maturation. The mean values and s.d. were presented and measurements were taken from distinct samples (one-way ANOVA; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, n = 3). e Secretion of TNF-α in DC suspensions measured by ELISA kit. The mean values and s.d. were presented and measurements were taken from distinct samples (n = 3). f Secretion of IL-6 in DC suspensions measured by ELISA kit. The mean values and s.d. were presented and measurements were taken from distinct samples (n = 3). g Quantification of the expression of CD8 and CD4, the makers for T cell activation, after in vitro incubation of the above-pretreated DCs with splenic lymphocytes for 48 h. h In vitro cytotoxicity of the above-activated T lymphocytes to 3T3, 4T1, and CT26 cells. The mean values and s.d. were presented and measurements were taken from distinct samples (n = 5). Source data are provided as a Source Data file
