Fig. 3

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antitumor effect in vitro. a ROS generation in free indocyanine green (ICG; 10 μg/mL), hollow gold nanospheres (HAuNS; 20 μg/mL), ICG-HAuNS (ICG: 10 μg/mL; HAuNS: 20 μg/mL), or ICG-HAuNS plus Hb-lipo (ICG: 10 μg/mL; HAuNS: 20 μg/mL; Hb: 20 μg/mL) treatment groups under normoxia detected with Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green (SOSG). Laser power: 1 W/cm², 10 min, n = 3. b ROS generation in free ICG (10 μg/mL), HAuNS (20 μg/mL), ICG-HAuNS (ICG: 10 μg/mL; HAuNS: 20 μg/mL), or ICG-HAuNS plus Hb-lipo (ICG: 10 μg/mL; HAuNS: 20 μg/mL; Hb: 20 μg/mL) treatment groups under hypoxia detected with SOSG. Laser power: 1 W/cm², 10 min, n = 5. c, d CT-26 cell viability after incubation with free ICG, HAuNS, ICG-HAuNS, FAL-ICG-HAuNS, Hb-lipo, FAL-Hb-lipo, ICG-HAuNS plus Hb-lipo, FAL-ICG-HAuNS plus Hb-lipo, or FAL-ICG-HAuNS plus FAL-Hb-lipo (equivalent ICG: 0.5, 5, 25 μg/mL; equivalent HAuNS: 1, 10, 50 μg/mL; equivalent Hb: 1, 10, 50 μg/mL) for 48 h under normoxia (c) or hypoxia (d), n = 5. All data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance test. All error bars are expressed as ±SD. “NS” indicates “not significant”