Fig. 2

Engineering NPP production in yeast. a Three NPP-specific monoterpene synthases were co-expressed in yeast with SlNPPS1. SlPHS1 (brown) produced a mixture of monoterpenes, including β-phellandrene, δ-2-carene, α-phellandrene, and α-terpinene. ShLimS (green) produced exclusively limonene, while ShPinS (blue) synthesized α-pinene as the main product, together with low amounts of limonene. b Production of nerol by yeast cells (brown), presumably resulting from the hydrolysis of excess NPP. The peak marked with a star (*) corresponds to a non-terpene yeast-derived compound. The nerol standard is shown in green. c Stepwise engineering of NPP production in yeast was monitored by measurement of the monoterpene products synthesized by the three NPP-specific synthases. d Production of the nonspecific monoterpene product nerol by the engineered cells increased as monoterpene yields improved, suggesting that the selected NPP-specific synthases could not fully harvest the NPP flux. Error bars correspond to the mean absolute deviation (MAD) around the mean (n = 3, corresponding to three separate yeast transformations processed and analyzed independently). Source data of c and d are provided as a Source Data file