Fig. 1

Location maps and plate-circuit predictions. a Hawaiian-Emperor chain, with episode of rapid hotspot motion highlighted. Predicted position of the Hawaiian hotspot using plate-circuit analyses (from ref. ^{6, 7, 13}); (i) East-West Antarctica⁴; (ii) Australia-Lord Howe Rise⁵, using the updated Antarctica-Australia spreading history and rotations of Whittaker et al.⁴⁴ and Müller et al.⁴⁵. Red and purple arrows mark differences in plate-circuit prediction and seamount trace. b Midway Atoll with Reef and Sand Island drill sites highlighted