Fig. 3

In situ XRD analyses for different catalysts. In situ XRD profiles for a Pd, b PdAg, c PdCu, d PdNi, and e PdCo. f The schematic energy diagram illustrating their potentials of palladium hydride formation. In a–e red and blue lines indicate Pd and PdH phases, respectively. Green lines indicate their two phase regions. Asterisk (*) marks point out the peaks from the carbon substrate