Fig. 3

Radiocarbon and Isotopic Evidence of Distinct Origins of Roopkund Genetic Groups. a We generated 37 accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates and calibrated them using OxCal v4.3.2. The dating reveals that the individuals were deposited in at least two events ~1000 years apart. In fact, the Roopkund_A individuals (shown in yellow) may have been deposited over an extended period themselves, as the 95% confidence intervals for some of the radiocarbon dates (for example I6943 and I6941) do not overlap. Radiocarbon dates indicate that Roopkund_B (shown in red) and Roopkund_C (shown in white) individuals may have been deposited during a single event. Error bars indicate 95.4% confidence intervals. Calibration curves are shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. b We show normalized δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values for samples with isotopic data: 37 for which genetic data were generated (circles with colors indicating their cluster), and eight for which no genetic data were generated (labeled Roopkund_U). In cases where multiple measurements were obtained, we plot the average of all measurements. The plotted data are provided as a Source Data file