Fig. 8
From: Gut-associated IgA+ immune cells regulate obesity-related insulin resistance
Metformin treatment and bariatric surgery interventions can manipulate intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA). Frequency and absolute numbers of IgA-producing a B cells (B220+) and b plasma cells (B220−) in the colon of high fat diet-fed mice treated with or without metformin in drinking water (300 mg kg−1 per day) for 14 weeks (n = 5/group). Frequency and absolute numbers of IgA-producing c B cells (B220+) and d plasma cells (B220−) in the colon draining mesenteric lymph node (MLN) (n = 5/group). e Colonic secretory IgA (SIgA) levels in HFD-fed mice treated with or without metformin in drinking water for 14 weeks (p = 0.1). f Weight (left), body mass index (BMI) (middle), and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score (right) of obese patients at baseline and 1 month post-bariatric surgery (n = 14 patients; Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs test). g Left: Representative pie chart demonstrating number of patients with increased vs. decreased fecal IgA 1 month post-bariatric surgery (p = 0.02 χ2chi-square test) and Right: total fecal IgA levels at baseline and one month post surgery (n = 14 patients, p = 0.0676 Wilcoxon’s matched-pairs test). Data are means ± SEM. * denotes p < 0.05, ** denotes p < 0.01, and *** denotes p < 0.001
