Fig. 4
Photostimulation of PVH→LSv terminals produces negative valence. a–e Real time place preference were conducted in male mice with photostimulation of PVH→LSv fibers. A representative mouse locomotion trace was shown with short a and long b pulse photostimulation in Sim1-Cre mice. Time spent during laser on (ON) and off zones (OFF) in Sim1-Cre and Sim1-Cre::Vglut2flox/flox mice with AAV-Flex-ChR2-eGFP delivery, or Sim1-Cre mice with AAV-Flex-GFP delivery using the short pulse (c, Sim1-Cre::ChR2PVH mice n = 7, p = 0.0321) and the long pulse stimulation (d, Sim1-Cre::ChR2PVH mice n = 12, p < 0.0001). e Time spent in OFF zone shows dependence on the photostimulation duration with fixed 5 Hz and 5 mW/mm2 light (n = 5; 5 HZ,10 ms vs 5 HZ,50 ms, p = 0.0452; 5 HZ,50 ms vs 5 HZ,100 ms, p = 0.0356; 5 HZ,10 ms vs 5 HZ,50 ms, p < 0.0001). f–h Mice described in a–e were tested in a modified RTPP, in which photostimulation was paired with the periphery of the arena (f, uncolored area). Representative movement traces were shown with no pairing (f, upper) or pairing (f, bottom), time spent in zones with laser on or off from mice with the indicated genotypes (g and h, n = 6, p < 0.0001). i Time spent in open arms during elevated plus maze tests in mice with local infusion of glutamate receptor antagonists DNQX/AP5 to the LSv (n = 4, p = 0.0012). n = 4–12. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, two-way AVONA tests (c, d and g, h), One-way AVONA tests e or paired student’s t tests i
