Fig. 3: Application of in situ techniques at different switching stages.
From: Understanding memristive switching via in situ characterization and device modeling
 a Technique for characterizing the different physical stages of resistive switching in a memristor. Green boxes are the physical processes for different stages starting from the initial ion migration to the resistive switching between the HRS and LRS. The schematic models for each stage are constructed according to the switching mechanisms of the cation devices, to demonstrate the spatiotemporal scale for each stage. Blue boxes are the corresponding characterization techniques for each physical stage. b Schematic and experimental examples of the vertical structure, c lateral structure, and d tip-based structure. Reproduced from ref. 43, Elsevier B.V. (b); ref. 45, AIP (c); and ref. 46, American Chemical Society (d)
