Fig. 1

XRD and SEM characterization of porous single-crystalline (P-SC) anatase TiO2 crystals. a the XRD of P-SC TiO2 crystals grown along the a-axis, b-axis and c-axis of KTiOPO4 (KTP) substrates. The inset is the crystal structure of anatase TiO2 view along 101 axis. b the SEM of P-SC Ti38O75 crystals grown along the a-axis of KTP. c the SEM of P-SC Ti38O75 crystals grown along the b-axis of KTP. d the SEM of P-SC Ti38O75 crystals grown along the c-axis of KTP. The KTP substrates with dimensions of 20 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm are used for the growth of P-SC Ti38O75 crystals in Ar at 600–800 °C. The scale bar is 1 μm in b, c and d