Fig. 1

Experimental setup. Cyclotron and the main components in the proton beam path to the sample, including quadrupole magnets (Qs) to shape and focus the beam, switching magnets (SWM) to choose the exit port and an analysing magnet to select the energies by bending the beam 90° and the sample (S). The detection system comprised a grating spectrograph coupled to a synapse charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and a near-infrared photomultiplier tube (PMT)