Fig. 6
From: Deciphering key processes controlling rainfall isotopic variability during extreme tropical cyclones
Major tropical cyclones (TCs) isotopic comparison and evolution. a Dual isotope diagram showing the isotopic evolution of Hurricane Otto compared to six large cyclones: Olivia (1994, Eastern Pacific Ocean, never touched land), Shanshan (2006, Western Pacific Ocean), Sandy (2012, North Atlantic Ocean), Ita (2014, Southwestern Pacific Ocean), Irma (2017, Atlantic Ocean), and Maria (2017, Atlantic Ocean). Hurricane Otto’s movement from the semi-closed Caribbean Sea basin to the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed a large isotopic spectrum in the cyclone anatomy. The gray and purple stars represent the average isotope composition during the indirect influence of TCs Irma and Maria near Nassau, The Bahamas, respectively. The light blue and pink semi-filled circles denote the average isotope composition during the passage of TCs Irma and Maria near Cienfuegos, Cuba, respectively. b Isotopic evolution in space relative to the cyclone center. δ18O (‰) variability is color-coded and d-excess (‰) changes are denoted by the circle size scale. Concentric gray circles represent the estimated distance (km) to the storm center
