Table 1 Participants’ characteristics

N (male)

14 (9)

49 (14)

42 (13)

47 (13)

49 (14)

45 (12)

Age (years)

40.3 ± 7.3

40.4 ± 10.0

BMI (kg/m²)

24.5 ± 3.7

51.4 ± 7.1^#

47.6 ± 6.8*

42.3 ± 6.6*

38.5 ± 6.6*

33.9 ± 6.1*

Body weight (kg)

75 ± 18

154 ± 27^#

143 ± 25*

127 ± 24*

115 ± 23*

101 ± 20*

Change in BW (%)

–

–

6.8 ± 1.6

17.4 ± 3.7

25.3 ± 5.5

33.0 ± 7.7

Glucose (mg/dl)

79 ± 8

98 ± 24^#

93 ± 26

84 ± 17*

83 ± 14*

80 ± 12*

Insulin (μU/ml)

6(3;8)

21(18;29)^#

22(14;29)

12(8;17)*

10(7;14)*

9(5;11)*

C-peptide (ng/ml)

1.3(1.1;1.6)

3.3(2.7;4.7)^#

3.8(2.4;4.5)

2.4(1.9;3.0)*

2.1(1.6;2.9)*

1.8(1.5;2.5)*

HbA1c (%)

5.2 ± 0.3

5.8 ± 0.8^#

5.5 ± 0.8*

5.3 ± 0.5*

5.2 ± 0.5*

5.2 ± 0.4*

FFA (µmol/l)

492 ± 275

676 ± 161

1057 ± 263*

699 ± 220

643 ± 239

527 ± 221*

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

843(69;133)

131(88;177)

113(86;139)

106(87;131)*

97(75;130)*

92(72;113)*

usCRP (mg/dl)

0.1(0.1;0.2)

0.7(0.4;1.3)^#

0.6(0.4;1.2)

0.5(0.3;0.7)*

0.3(0.2;0.7)*

0.1(0.1;0.3)*

IL-6 (pg/ml)

1.0(0.9;1.3)

3.6(2.4;4.7)^#

3.0(2.1;4.4)

2.4(2.2;3.5)*

2.6(2.1;4.1)

1.6(1.0;2.0)*

HMW-adiponectin (ng/ml)

3181 (2491;4362)

1432 (1065;3069)^#

2170 (1327;3346)*

2708 (1579;3394)*

3217 (1766;4211)*

4025 (3118;6709)*

TBARS (μmol/mg protein)

13(11;19)

11(8;16)

11(7;18)

8(6;14)

8(6;10)*

6(5;8)*

Static ORP (mV)

169 ± 11

162 ± 12

160 ± 8

161 ± 9

161 ± 8

164 ± 10

REE (kcal/d)

1550 (1346;1686)

2240 (2026;2692)^#

1928 (1756;2201)*

1875 (1641;2067)*

1804 (1580;2065)*

1815 (1558;2015)*

ΔRQ

0.12 ± 0.03

0.07 ± 0.07^#

0.05 ± 0.08

0.08 ± 0.05

0.12 ± 0.06*

0.16 ± 0.08*