Fig. 5

In vitro antibacterial activity of GP-Ce6-SiNPs. a SEM images of GP-Ce6-SiNPs-treated EC and SA before and after constant 660-nm irradiation (12 mW cm⁻²) for 15 min (scale bar in the first row: 1 μm, scale bar in the second row: 200 nm). b The turbidity of EC and SA suspensions treated without GP-Ce6-SiNPs (control groups) or with GP-Ce6-SiNPs under constant irradiation (660 nm, 12 mW cm⁻²) for 0, 5, 10, and 15 min. The irradiation treatment on each sample is performed for one time. c Photographs of the agar plates of EC and SA treated without (control groups) or with GP-Ce6-SiNPs under constant irradiation (660 nm, 12 mW cm⁻²) for 0, 5, 10, and 15 min. d, The corresponding bacterial counts (CFU mL⁻¹) in panel (c). Error bars represent the standard deviation obtained from three independent measurements. The concentration of GP-Ce6-SiNPs is 10 mg mL⁻¹ (3.6 mg mL⁻¹ of GP and 100 μg mL⁻¹ of Ce6). Source data are provided as a Source Data file