Fig. 5

Antibacterial activity in vitro. a Schema of giving 808 nm NIR light irradiation at different time point (0, 1 and 2 h) and corresponding amounts of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Zn²⁺ release after different treatment, including D2, L + D2, D1 + L + D1, D2 + L, D24 and L + D24 (L: light; D: dDark). b Kinetics of viability of MRSA treated with ZnPB-3 (200 p.p.m.) by 808 nm NIR light irradiation in 20 min (L: 15 min). c, d Viability of MRSA treated with ZnPB-3 (200 p.p.m.) through different treatment, including c D2, L + D2, D1 + L + D1 and D2 + L, d D24 and L + D24 (Ctrl: control). e–g Viability of MRSA treated with ZnPB-3 (200 p.p.m.) for e E. coli, f S. aureus and g MRSA biofilm through different treatment (L + D2 and L + D24). Error bars indicate means ± standard deviations (n = 3 biologically independent samples): *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 (t test). Source data are provided as a Source Data file