Fig. 4
From: Few-cycle laser driven reaction nanoscopy on aerosolized silica nanoparticles
Analysis of proton and electron trajectories. The M3C simulations are performed for 110 nm SiO2 particles. The radial momentum \(p_{\mathrm{r}} = \left| {\vec p} \right|\) of the cutoff electrons (red line) represents an average over the 10% highest electron momenta. The radial proton momentum (blue line) is calculated for a proton released from the surface at the pole (θ = π/2) of the particle. The blue shaded region represents the spread in the velocity gained by protons released at different positions on the nanoparticle. The axis at the top indicates the distance of the proton from the nanoparticle surface at the respective times shown at the bottom. The left inset is a magnification of the region where the dynamics is laser-field driven. The right inset is an illustration of a simple model describing the 1D trajectory of a proton in the static field of two point charges, representing the (asymmetric) surface potential. The three dotted lines in the main graph show the trajectories for the model parameters indicated in the inset
