Table 2 Multivariate linear mixed-effect regression models assessing clinical and microbial predictors associated with gut Shannon α-diversity before and immediately after liver transplantation

Predictor	Univariate coefficient	Univariate P^a	Multivariate coefficient (95% CI)	Multivariate P^a,b
Pre-LT
Liver disease—ARLD		Reference	−0.72 (−1.35, −0.09)	<0.05
AIH	1.30	<0.01
BILIARY	0.91	0.11
HBV	1.39	<0.01
HCV	1.45	<0.001
NAFLD	1.48	<0.001
Comorbidity—HCC	0.42	<0.05
MELD (>18 vs. ≤18)	−0.99	<0.0001
CTP score	−0.22	<0.0001	−0.14 (−0.21, −0.07)	<0.0001
CRE colonization	−2.28	<0.001	−1.48 (−2.54, −0.42)	<0.01
VRE colonization	−1.03	<0.001	−0.43 (−0.91, −0.05)	0.08
Ceph-RE colonization	−0.46	0.1
β-lactam II^c	−0.54	0.07
Glyco-/lipo-peptide^c	−1.30	<0.001	−0.61 (−1.21, −0.01)	<0.05
Carbapenem^c	−0.90	<0.05
Fluoroquinolone^c	−0.98	<0.001
Peri-LT (weeks 1–3)
Comorbidity—HCC	0.31	<0.05
MELD (>18 vs. ≤18)	0.67	<0.0001
CTP score	−0.17	<0.0001	−0.11 (−0.16, −0.07)	<0.0001
PRBC transfusion (units)	−0.02	<0.01
Post-operative bleeding^d	−0.69	<0.001	−0.45 (−0.75, −0.15)	<0.01
Peri-operative antibiotic adjustment	−0.67	<0.0001	−0.50 (−0.73, −0.23)	<0.0001
CRE colonization	−0.59	<0.01
VRE colonization	−0.41	<0.001
Ceph-RE colonization	−0.42	<0.01	−0.29 (−0.52, −0.07)	<0.05
β-lactam II^c	−0.26	<0.01	−0.24 (−0.42, −0.05)	<0.05
β-lactam III^c	−0.76	<0.05
Glyco-/lipo-peptide^c	−0.33	<0.05
Carbapenem^c	−0.77	<0.01
Fluoroquinolone^c	−0.65	<0.001	−0.55 (−0.89, −0.21)	<0.01

^aUni- and multivariate associations were assessed by using linear (pre-LT) or linear mixed-effect (peri-LT) regression models. Predictors with univariate P ≤ 0.1 were considered for inclusion in multivariate modeling
^bAll multivariate models had overall (global) P < 0.0001
^cAntibiotic exposure ≤ 14 days before sample; see Supplementary Methods for coding of antibiotic classes
^dWithin 7 days of LT

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