Fig. 3
From: Bypassing stroke-damaged neural pathways via a neural interface induces targeted cortical adaptation
Changes in the pattern of high-gamma signal input during learning with an ACMC. a–c High-gamma activity of LFPs recorded from a penetrating electrode to grade muscle stimulation delivered to the ECR and EDC muscle pair in Monkey TA. a The black circle indicates the input electrode. b Representative time course of task performance (black line) and modulation depth (MD) of high-gamma activity at the input electrode site (red line). c Ensemble average of the raster plots of high-gamma activity, electrical stimulation, and hand position during the initial and last 14 trials. Plots are aligned to the time of target appearance, indicated by the vertical dotted lines. From the top, raster plot and averaged rate of occurrence of high-gamma activity, stimulus frequency, and hand position. The blue-shaded rectangles in the bottom trace represent the hand position targets. The orange dots represent the timing of successful trial completion and reward. d Average MDs measured at input electrodes (N = 3 monkeys, n = 108 sessions, consisting of 72 torque-matching and 36 position-matching task sessions; Monkey TA, n = 60 sessions; Monkey M, n = 37 sessions; Monkey TE, n = 11 sessions). Black dots indicate means; lines represent individual sessions. Black and red asterisks represent significant differences (P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction for post hoc multiple comparisons) compared to the initial and last 2 min, respectively. e Average MDs when input electrode was in the FEF (grey line, n = 1 session in Monkey M), PM (yellow line, n = 18 sessions in Monkey TE and M), M1 with ECoG array (red solid line, n = 24 sessions in Monkey TE and M), M1 with microelectrode array (dashed red line, n = 60 sessions in Monkey TA), and S1 (blue line, n = 5 sessions in Monkey M). MDs at the PM ECoG and S1 ECoG were significantly higher than MDs at the M1 LFP and FEF ECoG (P < 0.05 by two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction for post hoc multiple comparisons). Detailed statistical results for (d), (e) are shown in the source data. Data in (e) represent means and standard errors
