Fig. 3

pSIM imaging results. a, b 2D-SIM and 2D-pSIM images of phalloidin-labeled actin in BAPE cells. a The intensity image in which the upper section is the wide-field (WF) results and the lower section is the SIM results. b Pseudocolored image of the orientation of dipoles. The lower section is the pSIM results, which achieves super-resolution compared to the polarization modulation (PM) results and obtains the dipole orientation compared to the SIM results. The color wheel in the bottom left indicates the relationship between the pseudocolor and dipole orientation. c Magnified view of the boxed region in a with the dipole orientations indicated with blue arrows. d A schematic of the phalloidin-labeled actin filaments, in which the ensemble dipole orientation is parallel to the filament. e The intensity profiles of the PM and pSIM results between the two arrows in b with pseudocolor to indicate the corresponding dipole orientation. pSIM reveals the dipole orientation in individual actin filaments. f The dipole histogram of the white line in b. The angle represents the difference between the dipole orientation and the filament direction. g, h 3D-pSIM images of actin filaments in mouse kidney sections. The max intensity projection (MIP) images in the XY and YZ planes of PM and pSIM are compared. The pseudocolors used in b, g, and h share the same color wheel. Scale bar: 5 μm