Fig. 3

Adaptive regimes in the evolution of anthropoid proximal femur form. a Time-calibrated chronometric tree depicting the estimated phylogenetic history of adaptive peak shifts during anthropoid proximal femoral shape evolution (each colour represents a different evolutionary regime). b, c Morphospaces showing the estimated adaptive optima (large circles) and species (small circles) evolving under each evolutionary regime in a. A convergent optimum is marked with a red outline. The shape changes associated with each axis are similar to those depicted in Fig. 2 (although with a reversed PC2). Supplementary Fig. 4 depicts the evolutionary history of catarrhine femoral differentiation along the first three PC axes. d Morphological comparison of selected femora from each of the evolutionary regimes (scaled to similar mediolateral size). The silhouettes of the primates in a illustrate the selected primates of each regime. They were downloaded from www.phylopic.org and are licensed for free use in the Public Domain without copyright. Exceptions are the silhouettes for Cebus apella (credit to Sarah Werning and available for use under CC BY 3.0 license), Ekembo nyanze (credit to Nobu Tamura and modified by T. Michael Keesey, under CC BY-SA 3.0 license), Aegyptopithecus zeuxis (credit to Mateus Zica and modified by T. Michael Keesey, under CC BY-SA 3.0 license). The silhouette of Pongo was custom made. Source data are provided as a Source Data file