Fig. 4
From: Coevolution of male and female mate choice can destabilize reproductive isolation
Selection gradients for female and male choosiness and examples of stochastic simulations (\(s=0.2\), \({{K}}=500\)) with different courtship reallocation values (\(\alpha\)). From top to bottom, we represent the deterministic selection gradients for female and male choosiness, the evolutionary dynamics of choosiness, and the resulting frequencies of maladapted heterozygotes at the ecological locus before viability selection (from the same simulations). The selection gradients for choosiness correspond to the relative change in frequencies of choosy versus nonchoosy females and males over one entire generation (net effect of viability and sexual selection combined) in the deterministic model, and are therefore simpler than the representation in Fig. 2b–f. To highlight weak selection on choosiness, the length of arrow vectors is drawn on a logarithmic scale. Stars correspond to the regimes of choosiness at deterministic equilibrium. The graphs in the second and third rows show stochastic simulations, started at the choosiness regime predicted by the deterministic analysis, and rainbow color gradients correspond to the passage of time. Note that in b–d, the stochastic simulations do not converge to the deterministic equilibrium, but instead display “preference cycling”, the direction of which is represented by a dashed arrow
