Fig. 5

4-OI protects against LPS lethality. a Mice were injected with a single dose of 4-OI (50 mg/kg), followed 2 h later by an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg), and the mice were then re-treated with 4-OI 24 and 48 h later (n = 20 mice/group). Log-rank (Mantel–Cox) test was used to compare the differences in survival rates between groups. b–d In parallel experiments, the serum levels of IL-1β (b) and IL-6 (c) at 2 h and lactate (d) at 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5 mg/kg) were measured. Results are from three independent experiments. Data values are the mean ± SEM, p values were calculated by one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s correction for multiple comparisons test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. e Proposed model of the anti-inflammatory role of 4-OI, which may explain the physiologic negative feedback function of itaconate